Genetic population structure of introduced and native lineages of kokanee in a large impounded watershed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objective The kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka (nonanadromous life-history form of Sockeye Salmon) uses lacustrine habitat in watersheds draining into the north Pacific Ocean. Kokanee also have been widely introduced into reservoirs following impoundment of rivers consequent to the construction of hydroelectric dams. Genetically divergent subpopulations of kokanee should be identified and evaluated when implementing watershed-level fishery management strategies. Methods We analyzed the genetic population structure of kokanee in the Williston watershed, north-central British Columbia, where native populations were present in the reservoir and headwater lakes prior to stocking Columbia River-origin fish in the 1990s using microsatellite markers. Result We determined that native Williston Reservoir kokanee were divergent from only one of the headwater lake populations. Native populations in headwater lakes remain entirely separate from the reservoir populations, and there was no indication of past or current introgression with the introduced stock. We identified all fish collected from 2006 to 2019 as introduced Columbia River-origin genotypes, and there was no evidence of genetic divergence by spawning location. Conclusion As native Williston kokanee have not been sampled from the reservoir in survey efforts since 2000, it is likely that this population has been extirpated from the reservoir perhaps through competition with the introduced Columbia River-origin lineage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".