REGULATION PECULIARITIES OF UKRAINE FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN WAR TIMES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the context of martial law, trade in goods in Ukraine requires a number of changes to protect national interests and the domestic market. The purpose of the article is to identify the key features of foreign economic activity regulation in Ukraine during the war. The Global Trade Alert database for the period of research 2009-2023 was used to conduct the study and analyze the regulation of Ukraine's foreign trade. The results indicate a significant increase in the share of Ukraine's exports and imports to European countries, particularly to the EU, and to Asian countries, which required adjustments to the foreign trade regulation policy from 2011 to 2021. During the period under study, trade policy was aimed at implementing liberalization and protectionist measures simultaneously, which were characterized by an average level of efficiency for certain product groups. During the period of martial law in 2022, 10 liberalization measures and 9 protectionist measures were introduced in trade in goods, particularly for certain European countries. The restrictive measures concerned Russia, European countries, Canada, the United States, and other countries, and were aimed at protecting the domestic market. The key sectors of liberalization in 2022 were cereals, products made of polymeric materials, certain types of equipment and machinery, equipment for electricity distribution, and certain types of fabrics. Legal changes during martial law are determined by domestic demand and external supply for certain groups of goods. The key measures regulating trade in goods in Ukraine are tariff measures, including export and import licensing requirements; export quotas and taxes; import tariffs; and domestic import taxation. In general, some of the regulatory measures discriminate against foreign commercial interests, while others ensure liberalization on a non-discriminatory basis. Non-tariff measures related to exports and imports mainly include sanitary and phytosanitary measures, technical barriers to trade, and precautionary measures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".