Buoyant Miscible Jets in a Viscoplastic Medium With Applications in Plug and Abandonment of Oil and Gas Wells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Plug and abandonment (P&A) is the final stage in the lifetime of oil and gas wells, during which the well is properly sealed to prevent fluid movements between different layers. The main steps of P&A include accessing the annulus section, cleaning the target area, and installing the cement plug barrier. Jet cleaning is an efficient technique for the second step of P&A, in which a heavy fluid is injected to displace lighter undesirable fluids. It is crucial to understand the effects of fluid properties on the jet cleaning process to achieve efficient cleaning. This study focuses on the jet flow dynamics in a miscible buoyant jet, where a Newtonian fluid is discharged through a circular nozzle into a viscoplastic ambient fluid. The effects of different parameters on the jet flow behaviour are analyzed, including the injection velocity and the yield stress of the ambient fluid. The buoyant jet flow behaviour is characterized using various jet features, including the laminar length and the penetration length. Our results show that the yield stress of the ambient fluid resists the jet evolution, decreases the jet penetration length, and changes the laminar length variation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".