25 Severe and Life-threatening Opioid, Stimulant, and Sedative Use in Canadian Youth: A One-time Survey of Paediatricians and Paediatric Subspecialists
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Toxic drug supply is a public health emergency in Canada. The syndemic impact of Covid-19 has exacerbated the adverse outcomes of overdose, driving up mortality rates. Despite the fact that opioid use disorder is predominantly viewed as an adult issue, an increasing number of youth in Canada experience severe-life threatening overdose; it is the leading cause of death in youth ages 10-18 in Western Canada. Epidemiologic data related to this population remains limited. 1.Objectives: To determine the minimum incidence of children and adolescents presenting with severe or life-threatening opioid, stimulant, and sedative exposure among youth presenting to Canadian paediatricians and paediatric subspecialists. 2.To describe the treatment and services available for youth presenting with substance use to paediatric care in Canada. Design/Methods A one-time cross-sectional survey of Canadian paediatricians and paediatric subspecialists using the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance System (CPSP) was conducted in the Spring of 2022. A population denominator of 2,900,866 was selected based on Statistics Canada census data for children and youth 12-18 in 2021. Data were analyzed using Stata v15.1. Results 1027 respondents (response rate: 37%) completed the survey, of whom 934 (90.9%) reported providing care to children and youth 12 years and above. 115 (12.3%) respondents indicated managing a youth with severe or life-threatening substance use in the prior 24 months. Most providers operated in urban settings (n=95, 84.8%), but there were cases reported in suburban (n=9, 8.0%) and rural/remote (n=8, 7.1%) environments as well. Calculated minimum cumulative incidence per 100,000/year were: opioid overdose 2.94; opioid use requiring pharmacotherapy 1.69; stimulant toxicity 3.22; and sedative toxicity 3.1 (Table 1). Respondents also reported service availability for youth substance use. Respondent awareness of the availability of overdose-related services was high for outpatient mental health services (85.4% for 12 to15-year-olds, 86.1% for 16 to18-year-olds), but poor to moderate (25.3%-53.1%) for all other surveyed services, including inpatient stabilization and intensive outpatient management. Conclusion Paediatricians and paediatric subspecialists interface significantly with youth experiencing severe substance use and overdose. The minimum calculated incidence rates provided are significant and concerning at the population level, despite excluding youth that do not seek physician care after overdose. Paediatric providers have limited awareness of service availability for youth that use substances. Further studies and knowledge translation are required.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".