Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) have adopted growth and reproductive strategies to survive in a challenging environment where no other mysticete whales reside. They grow slowly, become sexually mature at around 25 years (later than other mammals), and do not give birth until they have sufficient energy reserves for the best possible chance of survival of the calf to weaning and long-term survival of the mother. To compensate for late maturity and long inter-birth intervals, some seem to have the capability to live to 200+ years of age, making them the longest-lived mammal known to date. Bowhead whale males have large testes per body size, and it is hypothesized that the basic polygynandrous system of females and males mating with multiple partners per estrous cycle allows for males to not compete violently against each other. Instead, they use sperm competition by volume of sperm for enhanced capability to father as many offspring as possible. Also, as in right whales (Eubalaena spp.), the length of the penis is proportionally longer than those of balaenopterids. Details of sperm volume, potential variabilities of sperm viabilities, and actual paternities are unknown, but some patterns can be inferred from the closely related right whales with similar morphologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".