Assessment of out‐of‐plane structural defects using parallel laser line scanning system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A precise parallel laser line scanning system has been developed to assess the depth of out-of-plane structural defects on concrete surfaces. This system comprises a digital camera, dual line laser diodes, and positioning rigid arms that create a triangulation-based setup. Laser lines are distorted when projected onto an out-of-plane defect. A new image processing algorithm has been devised to extract depth information from the distorted laser strips. Parallel laser lines are used to ensure that imaged laser strips do not intersect, thereby simplifying the depth assessment of defects at different distances and enabling the generation of defect profiles from a single image. The system has been validated through laboratory and field tests, demonstrating its effectiveness and accuracy. Compared to other noncontact measurement techniques, this system stands out due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and superior accuracy for long-range measurements, rendering it suitable for on-site scanning of textureless uneven engineering objects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".