Sex Differences In Splanchnic Blood Flow During Mild-intensity Dynamic Exercise
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During dynamic exercise, blood flow to the locomotor muscles increases, while blood flow to inactive organs, such as inactive limbs and the splanchnic organs, decreases significantly. This impressive feature is called blood flow redistribution. The splanchnic organs receive ~25% of the resting cardiac output and contain 20-25% of the total blood volume. Thus, changes in the rate of blood flow to the splanchnic region are important for redistributing blood flow during dynamic exercise. To our knowledge, there are no available data on sex differences in splanchnic blood flow during dynamic exercise. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether blood pressure and celiac artery blood flow responses to mild-intensity dynamic exercise differed between males and females. We hypothesized that the reduction in celiac artery blood flow during mild-intensity dynamic exercise would be smaller in young females than in age-matched males. METHODS: Seven young healthy males (YM: 23.7 ± 2.4 yrs, mean ± SD) and seven young healthy females (YF: 20.9 ± 1.9 yrs) performed dynamic knee-extension and -flexion exercise at 30% of heart rate reserve for 4-min. The changes from baseline for mean arterial pressure, celiac artery blood flow and vascular conductance were calculated during the end of exercise (final 30s of exercise). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was measured using finger photoplethysmography, and celiac artery blood flow was recorded by Doppler ultrasonography. RESULTS: The increase in MAP during exercise did not differ between YF and YM [ΔMAP (Δ: the change from baseline), YM: +24.2 ± 11.3 mmHg vs. YF: +26.9 ± 20.0 mmHg, P = 0.801]. Celiac artery blood flow decreased at the onset of exercise in both groups, and there was no difference in the change (Δ) in celiac artery blood flow between YM (-189.5 ± 84.5 mL/min) and YF (-111.3 ± 55.2 mL/min) (P = 0.866). Celiac artery vascular conductance also decreased during dynamic exercise in both groups, with no difference in the response between YF and YM (-4.3 ± 1.5 mL/min/mmHg vs. -2.8 ± 0.8 mL/min/mmHg, P = 0.869). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that there are no sex differences in blood flow to the splanchnic organs during mild-intensity dynamic exercise. Supported by JSPS KAKENHI # 22H03479
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".