Separate And Combined Blockades Of Adrenergic Receptors In Sweating To Exercise-heat Stress In Young Men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Noradrenergic nerve blockade with bretylium tosylate has been shown to attenuate sweating during exercise. However, a decrease in sweat rate comparable to the response measured with adrenergic nerve blockade has not been consistently observed with the separate blockade of α and β adrenergic receptors. PURPOSE: In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that a combined inhibition of α and β adrenergic receptors would attenuate sweat rate during exercise. METHODS: On three separate occasions, 17 young men cycled at 50%VO2peak for 30 min followed by an incremental exercise bout until exhaustion in the heat (32 °C, 40%RH). Sweat rates (ventilated capsule technique) were assessed at forearm skin sites iontophoretically treated with the following antagonists: Day 1, 1% terazosin (α1 receptor inhibitor) and 1% propranolol (β receptor inhibitor); Day 2, terazosin+ propranolol and 10 mM bretylium tosylate; and Day 3, 0.1% atropine (muscarinic receptor inhibitor). Sweat rate was compared to the response at each contralateral arm receiving NaCl (control). We also compared bilateral sweating response with no treatment as assessed on day 3. RESULTS: Separate administration of terazosin attenuated sweating as compared to control during exercise (< -0.16 mg·cm-2·min-1 vs. control, P = 0.004 for treatment effect). However, no effect was observed with propranolol (< -0.07 mg·cm-2·min-1 vs. control, P = 0.190 for treatment effect). Similarly, no effect of sweating was observed with the combined administration of propranolol and terazosin (< -0.06 mg·cm-2·min-1 vs. control, P = 0.301 for treatment effect). Sweat rate significantly attenuated by the administration of bretylium tosylate (< -0.48 mg·cm-2·min-1 vs. control, P < 0.001 for treatment effect) and further reduction was observed by atropine (< -0.87 mg·cm-2·min-1 vs. control, P < 0.001 for treatment effect). Bilateral sweat rate at the untreated sites was comparable (< -0.03 mg·cm-2·min-1 vs. right arm, P = 0.592 for treatment effect). CONCLUSIONS: We show the combined blockade of α- and β-adrenergic receptors does not attenuate sweating during exercise-heat stress despite a marked reduction associated with noradrenergic nerve inhibition. Further work is required to assess the interplay of adrenergic receptors and noradrenergic nerves in the regulation of sweating.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".