Actovegin Improves Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Respiration And Functional Aerobic Capacity In Type 1 Diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Insulin deficiency in type 1 diabetes (T1D) leads to an impairment of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function. Actovegin is a deproteinized calf blood extract which has been shown to enhance cell metabolism and muscle repair in healthy human skeletal muscle. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of Actovegin on skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and functional aerobic capacity in a type 1 diabetic mouse model. Outcomes on body mass, food and water consumption were also investigated. METHODS: Type 1 diabetic, male, C57B1/6 mice were randomized to an Actovegin and a control group. Every third day, for 13 days, the Actovegin (n = 11) and control group (n = 10) were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1 ml (25% v/v) Actovegin and 0.1 ml physiological salt solution, respectively. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity of the vastus lateralis was measured by high resolution respirometry. Functional aerobic capacity was assessed by recording maximum running time on a rodent treadmill using an endurance exercise protocol. Body mass, food and water consumption were measured using an electronic balance scale. A two-way ANOVA was used to establish between-group comparisons for functional aerobic capacity, body mass, food, and water consumption. A two-tailed independent samples T-test was used to compare the mean difference in mitochondrial respiration between groups. RESULTS: After 13 days, in comparison to the control group, the Actovegin group demonstrated a significantly higher maximal skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration rate (Actovegin: 29.7 ± 2.87 pmol/sec*mg versus control: 18.5 ± 2.13 pmol/sec*mg, P = 0.006). The Actovegin group also displayed a significantly lesser % decline in baseline functional aerobic capacity (Actovegin: -32.4 ± 13.8 % versus control: -74.6 ± 12.5 %, P = 0.004) and baseline body mass (Actovegin: -9.25 ± 0.97 % versus control: -13.15 ± 1.68 %, P = 0.005) after 13 days. CONCLUSIONS: Actovegin could act as an effective agent for improving mitochondrial respiratory capacity and functional aerobic capacity in T1D. Further investigation is warranted to establish Actovegin’s potential as an alternative therapeutic drug for T1D. There is no grant-funding associated with this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".