Myosteatosis Is Associated With Disease Burden And Decreased Aerobic Endurance In Adults Recovered From Covid-19
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fat infiltration (myosteatosis) is associated with reduced aerobic endurance and increased morbidity in chronic disease populations, and may be predictive of disease burden following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). PURPOSE: To investigate the association between myosteatosis with acute and persistent COVID-19 burden and aerobic endurance in adults (n = 203) with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis. METHODS: Adults >12-weeks following diagnosis with COVID-19 (n = 203, 65% female, 51 ± 14 years; 29.1 ± 6.0 kg/m2) were recruited for a comprehensive MRI scan, including chemical-shift encoded fat and water separated imaging of the mid-thigh. Muscle fat fraction (MFF, %) was calculated within the muscle boundary as total volume of fat divided by the total muscle and fat volume. These were compared to reference data for age-matched healthy controls from our laboratory (n = 99; 43% female; 49 ± 14 years; 24.8 ± 3.7 kg/m2). Aerobic endurance was quantified by the distance covered in a 6-minute walk test (6MWd). Duration of COVID-19 symptoms at the time of infection was stratified into 0-7, 8-14 and > 14 days, with the impact of persistent COVID-19 symptoms on ADLs classified on a 5-point scale as not at all (1), mild-to-moderately limited (2-3) and significantly limited (4-5). RESULTS: Participants were assessed 162 ± 54 days post COVID-19. After adjustment for age and sex, the COVID-19 cohort had higher MFF than healthy controls (Figure 1A). Fifty-three participants (26%) were hospitalized due to COVID-19, and had a markedly increased MFF compared to those not hospitalized (Figure 1B). Increasing duration of initial COVID-19 symptoms (Figure 1C), and the impact of persistent symptoms on ADLs (Figure 1D) was associated with increased MFF, which was negatively correlated with 6MWd (r = -0.53, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Thigh myosteatosis is a marker of disease burden and decreased aerobic endurance in adults recovered from COVID-19 infection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".