Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Associated With Better Ratings Of Mood Regardless Of Contraceptive Use Status In Young, Healthy Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mood disturbances occur across the hormonal cycle in naturally cycling women (NAT) and women using oral contraceptive pills (OCP). Greater cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been shown to protect against mood disturbances in NMW across the menstrual cycle; however, the protective role of CRF on mood in OCP users is currently unknown. PURPOSE: To characterize the relationship between CRF and mood across the menstrual cycle in the NAT, 2nd, and 3rd generation OCP groups (OCP2, OCP3). METHODS: 30 pre-menopausal women (age = 21 ± 2 years; n = 9 NAT; n = 9 OCP2; n = 12 OCP3) completed a maximal test on a cycle ergometer to estimate CRF during a familiarization visit. Participants then completed two experimental visits in a randomized order: 1) mid-luteal/active high hormone phase, and 2) early follicular/placebo low hormone phase. Mood disturbances (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21)) and physiological stress (heart rate variability (HRV)) were assessed during each visit. To assess differences in mood across the menstrual and hormonal cycles between NAT, OCP2, and OCP3, analysis was done using linear-mixed effects model with time, groups, and time by group interaction as fixed effects, and participants as random effects. To assess the relationship between mood and CRF at high and low hormone phases, generalized linear models were used with contraceptive status as a fixed effect and CRF as a covariate. RESULTS: There were no differences in ratings of depression, anxiety, or stress between different contraceptive use status groups across the hormonal cycles (P = 0.946). Interestingly, there was a significant protective effect of CRF on symptoms of depression (β = -0.164; P = 0.04) and overall mood ratings (β = -0.420; P = 0.046) in the low hormone phase, regardless of contraceptive use status. There were no corresponding differences in HRV metrics when accounting for CRF in either the low or high hormone phases in any group. CONCLUSIONS: There do not appear to be differences in ratings of mood between NAT, OCP2, and OCP3 across the hormonal cycles. Importantly, higher CRF appears to have a protective role in mitigating low mood during the low hormone phase of the hormonal cycle, regardless of contraceptive use status. Study support from NSERC Discovery Grant (#20011033 to M. MacDonald; #202103522 to J. Walsh).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".