Microbial Proteases Enhance Amino Acid Release From Whey Protein Under Simulated Salivary-gastric Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The digestion and absorption kinetics of dietary proteins affect the rise of amino acids in systemic circulation, which can influence rates of muscle protein synthesis and lean body mass accretion. Oral microbial protease enzyme supplementation has recently been shown to potentiate amino acid absorption from plant protein, which compared to animal proteins, demonstrates suboptimal digestion and absorption kinetics. However, demonstrated effects of microbial protease supplementation on enhancing the anabolic properties of dietary proteins that are highly digestible, such as whey protein, are limited. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of a blend of 3 microbial proteases (OPTIZIOME™ P3 HYDROLYZER™, or “P3”) on amino acid and free amino nitrogen (FAN) concentrations following simulated gastric digestion in response to one serving of MuscleTech NITRO-TECHTM protein supplying 30 g of whey protein concentrate (WPC). METHODS: WPC underwent simulated salivary-gastric digestion per the static INFOGEST protocol, which include a 2-min salivary phase and a 2-hr gastric phase, with 3 doses of P3: 250 mg (1xP3), 375 mg (1.5xP3), 500 mg (2xP3) and carbohydrate control without P3 (CON). Total amino acids (TAA), essential amino acids (EAA), branch chained amino acids (BCAA), and leucine were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography. FAN was analyzed via spectroscopy. RESULTS: A dose response was observed for TAA, EAA, BCAA, leucine, and FAN (2xP3 > 1.5xP3 > 1xP3 > CON; all P < 0.01). Compared to CON, TAA, EAA, BCAA and leucine significantly increased by ~50-57%, ~68-107% and ~ 83-179% in response to 1xP3, 1.5xP3 and 2xP3, respectively (all P < 0.01). Compared to CON, FAN significantly increased by 11% and 23% in 1xP3 and 2xP3, respectively (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The addition of microbial proteases enhances the digestion of WPC in a dose-dependent manner thereby enhancing the availability of TAA, EAA, BCAA, and leucine availability. Future clinical research is required to demonstrate the efficacy of P3 to increase postprandial aminoacidemia and muscle protein synthesis in response to whey protein ingestion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".