Economic Analysis of PV-Generator Hybrid Off-Grid Systems in Underdeveloped Indonesian Regions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The escalating demand for electrical energy in both rural and urban sectors necessitates a reliable and sustainable source, as the availability of traditional fossil fuels diminishes and their contribution to global warming becomes increasingly untenable.This study thus explores an environmentally-friendly solution via the Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES), a convergence of multiple renewable energy sources for electricity production.The focus is on an off-grid photovoltaic-wind turbine hybrid system that harnesses solar and wind energy to meet the electrical needs of the scarcely accessible Maluku Province.A feasibility analysis is conducted using the Homer software to evaluate the system's potential.The results reveal that Tual City, with the lowest Net Present Cost (NPC) amounting to Rp. 268,439,300.00and a Cost of Energy (COE) of Rp. 3,220.56,presents the most promising potential for development.The total electricity generated by this hybrid system is projected to reach 9,457 kWh/year, highlighting its potential as a sustainable solution to the pressing energy needs in remote regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".