Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada as a state is a curiosity in many ways, although curious features of its past have international parallels.A dominion within the British Empire, it lacked a foreign minister until the twentieth century.Following the precedent established by Australia in 1901, it founded a similarly named department in 1909, staffed by a few clerks and a minister (Charles Murphy, the member of Parliament for Russell, Ontario) who had no diplomatic experience but who did possess an Irish Catholic suspicion of the British Empire.In 1912, Prime Minister Robert Borden placed the department under the Prime Minister's Office, and his successors continued to clasp it close until William Lyon Mackenzie King appointed his Quebec lieutenant and successor, Louis St-Laurent, as his external affairs minister in 1946.The department grew rapidly and often angered King with its internationalist enthusiasms, but future prime ministers would share his view that foreign affairs were too important to leave to diplomats.This fascinating book, which details that growing prime ministerial interest in international issues, is, therefore, long overdue.Patrice Dutil's excellent Introduction sets the tone for the book.He points out the surprising absence of scholarly literature on Canadian prime ministers and foreign policy, particularly since there have been numerous studies on the theme in nations that are often compared to Canada.The late creation of a foreign office and the complex debates about subjects such as the divisibility of the Crown in the early twentieth century may offer some explanation for this scholarly lacuna.Yet the chapters in this book demonstrate that prime ministers were deeply involved in the management of borders, trade, waters, and relationships with other nations from the first years of the government of John A. Macdonald.The importance of comparative history, as stressed in the Introduction, is admirably present in the analysis of prime ministerial action that follows.Although earlier prime ministers were involved in international issues, particularly through Canada's place in the British Empire, then at its zenith, the structures that support Canada's international presence were put in
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.373 | 0.243 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".