Cognitive and Neurocognitive Effects of Bilingualism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter presents criteria characterizing the “bilingual experience” examined on three different levels: language processing, cognitive processing, and structural and functional changes in the brain. On all three levels, numerous studies have been conducted and have yielded inconclusive results. A bilingual experience is a change-inducing event leading to speedy adaptations on different levels of processing, with brain changes at its basis to accommodate for additional demands and specific requirements which are dependent on the length and intensity of the bilingual experience. A surge of proposals on how to measure the bilingual experience has recently appeared in the literature. The brain adapts from early on, even in infants, allowing for early indications of the effects of bilingual experience, in particular on perception and attentional aspects. The experience-dependent alterations in the brain at various locations, intensities, and timelines seem to align with our current understanding of the cognitive neuroscientific effects of bilingualism much more than previous views of separate brain areas involved in the processing and representation of each language.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".