Are juveniles full-scale replicas of adults? Evaluation of anuran special locomotion and digging adaptations during and after metamorphosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many species of anurans display special mechanical abilities, such as excavation and climbing. The aim of this study is to investigate the development of traits that are associated with these special mechanical abilities, under the hypothesis that these structures attain their configuration during the juvenile stages of development. We examined specimens from four different species of Leptodactylidae and six species of Hylidae. For the digging behavior, we evaluated the progress of calcification in the anterior region of the skulls, as well as the development of the snout-ridge. To assess climbing ability, we examined the ossification rate, the variation in the shape of the phalanx, the progress of the offset angle, and the distance between the terminal phalanx and the penultimate phalange of finger IV. The ossification of the skull and phalanges, along with the development of the snout-ridge, progresses and reaches completion during the juvenile phase of ontogeny, suggesting that at the time of metamorphosis, individuals are not yet full-scale replicas of the adults. The shape and the mechanical characteristics of terminal phalanges are already established by the conclusion of metamorphosis, revealing intriguing distinctions among arboreal species with walking and jumping locomotion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".