Phase Engineering of Titanium Oxynitride System and Its Solar Light-Driven Photocatalytic Dye Degradation, H<sub>2</sub> Generation, and N<sub>2</sub> Fixation Properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the present work, a phase engineering strategy is explored toward forming a titanium oxynitride (TiO x N y ) phase by nitriding a sol–gel-derived TiO 2 -based precursor at different nitridation temperatures ranging from 450 °C to 950 °C in an ammonia gas environment. The evolved Ti-oxynitride phase is confirmed using XRD, Rietveld refinement, micro-Raman, and HRTEM lattice fringes analysis. Various physicochemical properties of the Ti-oxynitride phase are investigated in comparison with the Ti-oxide and nitride phases obtained in this study. The XPS analysis of oxynitride phase shows dual +3/+4 oxidation states of Ti, which can be attributed to Ti–N and Ti–O network in the oxynitride system. The optical absorption and band gap energy of Ti-oxynitride are found to be favorably altered, compared to the typical Ti-oxides, which are attributed to the plasmonic material-like feature of Ti-nitride phase in the system. From the time-resolved photoluminescence spectra, lifetime of the excited carriers in oxide, nitride, and oxynitride systems is estimated to be ∼3.89, 3.83, and 4.59 ns, respectively, which ascribed to the Ohmic-interface-driven improved electron delocalization in oxynitride phase and corroborated with various photoelectrochemical analysis using voltammetry (cyclic and linear sweep), impedance, and photocurrent measurements. The photocatalytic dye degradation (expressed as a percentage), H 2 evolution (in units of μmol g –1 h –1 ) and NH 3 formation (in units of μmol g –1 h –1 ) over the developed Ti-oxynitride system (∼91–96/1278.2/215) is found to be improved compared to the sole oxide (∼85–88/458.6/102) and nitride (∼79–77/619.32/174) systems. The UV–visible light to H 2 conversion efficiency of the developed oxynitride system is estimated to be ∼2.55%. The manifested improved photocatalytic efficiency of oxynitride could be attributed to the synergy of oxide-nitride phases facilitating the effective light harvesting properties via plasmonic features and inter/intratransfer of charge carriers in the system via Ohmic contacts, which eventually promote the multifacet redox reactions toward various photocatalytic applications, as demonstrated in this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".