Laboratory Investigation of Impact of Injection–Abstraction Rate and Groundwater Flow Velocity on Groundwater Heat Pump Performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using low-temperature (shallow) groundwater as a heat source or heat sink is a common practice to supply space heating or cooling, especially in the United States, Canada, China, and several European countries. The groundwater heat pump (GWHP) system has been extensively studied in recent decades using numerical approaches, which have some limitations in understanding the soil’s thermal behavior. Therefore, a laboratory-scale experimental study involving cooling tests was carried out to investigate the impact of GWHP on system performance and sustainability with varying groundwater flow velocities and injection and abstraction rates. The results demonstrated that groundwater flow velocity, as well as injection and abstraction rates, significantly impact thermal plume development. Higher injection and abstraction rates create a larger thermal plume, thereby decreasing abstraction temperature. However, groundwater flow prevents heat development around the well by dispersing the heat in the groundwater flow direction. Furthermore, the results indicate that the energy gain only increased by 81% and 107%, with a respective increase of 100% and 200% in injection and abstraction rates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".