Influence of Lanthanides on the Phase Composition of Portland cement Clinker Accessed by Thermodynamic Modelling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The development of sustainable production has motivated using alternative raw materials in Portland cement manufacture.Co-processing industrial by-products containing impurities can change the stability of the clinker phases.Several studies have explored the effect of minor elements in the clinkering process.However, the effect of lanthanides remains unclear.This class of elements has been scarcely investigated due to its limited content in conventional alternative materials.Nevertheless, the increasing co-processing of by-products from the oil industry containing lanthanides demands further investigations on the effects of these elements.Furthermore, using alternative raw materials demands extensive experimental programs and investing time and financial resources.In this context, this study uses thermodynamic modelling to evaluate the effect of lanthanides on Portland clinker production.Systems containing La, Ce, Eu, Gd, Pr, and Nd as oxides in up to 10 wt.% of clinker raw meal processed at 1200 and 1400 °C were simulated.Thermodynamic calculations were based on the Gibbs energy minimisation method and performed in the FactSage software.La, Pr, Eu, Nd, and Gd improved the clinker C3S content.This effect was more significant for up to 3 wt.% of added dopant.These elements stabilised C2(A,F) rather than C3(A,F), suggesting a possible application in manufacturing high-ferrite and sulphate-resistant cements.Ce2O3 promoted notably different behaviour on phase assemblage, decreased the C3S development, and depleted C2(A,F).The cubic perovskite was the main solid phase incorporating the lanthanides, forming LaAlO3, NdAlO3, PrAlO3, EuAlO3, or GdAlO3.According to thermodynamic modelling, the co-processing of raw materials containing lanthanides can be environmentally safe since the emission of polluting gases containing impurities was negligible even when co-processing 10 wt.% of lanthanide oxide in the clinker raw meal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".