Bibliographic record
Abstract
Among the most dynamic Aboriginal peoples in western Canada today are the Ojibwa, who are known also as plains Ojibway, Saulteaux, and Bungi.The Ojibwa of the prairie provinces have played an especially vital role in the development of an Aboriginal political voice at both the provincial and federal levels of Canadian government.The former Manitoba Indian Brotherhood, and leaders such as Ovide Mercredi and Philip Fontaine, have been central to the struggles of Aboriginal people for self-determination, control of education for Native children, and the inclusion of Native rights in Canada's constitution.The pre-eminence of the Ojibwa in modern western Canada belies the fact that they are relative newcomers to the region and have occupied the parkland and prairies only since the last decades of the eighteenth century.This work traces the origins of the western Ojibwa, their adaptations to the West, and the ways in which they have coped with the many challenges they faced in the first century of their history in that region, between 1780 and 1870.The western Ojibwa are the descendants of Ojibwa people who migrated into the West from their homes around the Great Lakes in the late eighteenth century.For them, as for all the peoples of the subarctic forests of the Canadian Shield and of the plains and parkland, this was an era of change.Between 1770 and 1870, the western Ojibwa and other peoples of the northwestern interior faced and survived waves of epidemic disease, the rise and decline of the fur trade, the depletion of game populations, the founding of non-Native settlement, the loss of tribal lands, and the Canadian government's assertion of political control over them.As a people who emerged, adapted, and survived in a climate of change, the western Ojibwa demonstrate both the effects of historic forces that acted upon Native peoples and the spirit, determination and adaptive strategies that Native people have used to cope with those forces.This study examines the emergence of the western Ojibwa within this context, seeing both the cultural changes that they chose to make and the continuity within their culture as responses to historical pressures.The origins, motivations, and development of the western Ojibwa can best be understood as the products of a creative, dynamic tension between continuity and change, between
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.543 | 0.317 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".