P‐TS‐10 | An Unsupervised Learning Approach to Identify Immunoglobulin Utilization Patterns Using Electronic Health Records
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada's Immunoglobulin (Ig) product demand is rising despite high product costs and global shortages. Detection of groups with high utilization rates can help with resource planning for Ig products. This study aims to uncover subgroups among the Ig recipients using electronic health records (EHRs). The study included all Ig recipients (intravenous or subcutaneous) in a Canadian city from 2014 to 2020 and analyzed their EHRs, including blood inventory, recipient demographics, and laboratory test results. Patient clusters were derived based on patient characteristics and laboratory test data using K-means clustering. Clusters were interpreted using descriptive analyses and visualization techniques. Among the 4112 recipients, six clusters were identified. Cluster 1 consisted of 62 (1.5%) patients, with 77.3% infusions occurring in emergency departments. Cluster 2, comprising 1034 (25.1%) patients, had a median age of 4 years, while clusters 2–6 were predominantly adult patients with median ages between 46 and 60 years. Cluster 3 included 1253 (30.5%) patients, with 86.4% of infusions administered in an inpatient setting. Clusters 4 and 5 comprised 1272 (30.9%) and 408 (9.9%) patients, respectively, contributing to 27.1% and 62.2% of total Ig utilization. Cluster 6 contained 83 (2.0%) patients, all of whom received subcutaneous Ig treatments. This study represents the first to utilize a data-driven clustering approach for Ig utilization patterns using EHR data. Through this study, we obtained valuable insights into trends and patterns of Ig utilization, identified the patient characteristics associated with high demand for Ig, and gained a deeper understanding of patient segmentations and their specific needs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".