Association between impaired lung function and carotid intima-media thickness in children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality and a major contributor to the economic burden and healthcare utilisation globally [1]. In adults, a robust association between reduced lung function with poor CVD outcomes has been described, even in lifetime non-smokers [2]. Low-grade systemic inflammation has been proposed to underpin the link between chronic lung diseases with endothelial dysfunction [3], arterial stiffness [4], and CVD events [5]. However, neither systemic inflammation nor traditional cardiometabolic adult risk factors have been shown to fully explain for these clinical associations in adulthood [6]. This raises questions regarding the importance of early life factors, particularly shared early risk factors and common pathways [6, 7]. The objective of this study was to examine the association between lung function with carotid intimal thickness (cIMT), a valid measure of CVD risk, at age 10 years. All associations were adjusted for potential confounders, and secondary analyses stratified by sex, household income, second-hand smoke exposure, and obesity. Footnotes This manuscript has recently been accepted for publication in the European Respiratory Journal . It is published here in its accepted form prior to copyediting and typesetting by our production team. After these production processes are complete and the authors have approved the resulting proofs, the article will move to the latest issue of the ERJ online. Please open or download the PDF to view this article. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".