Frontrunners but different games? Comparing Catalan and Basque paradiplomacy towards the EU
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article compares Basque and Catalan mobilisation towards the EU over the period from 1992 to 2022. The contrasting trajectories of these regions are approached through the conceptual framework of ‘paradiplomacy’ and ‘protodiplomacy’. Building on a combination of primary and secondary sources, six explanatory variables are selected and the observed patterns compared across time. Both cases alternate between cooperation and benign neglect, becoming politically controversial only when the regions overtly express claims for self-determination; however, only the Catalan case involves a severe and lasting political conflict. Although the strategies are framed by the broader structures of opportunity imposed by the EU, our research shows that the most salient features of these contrasting trajectories are deeply rooted in the idiosyncrasies of the Spanish political system and individual leadership styles. These findings help us to understand the scope and limits of paradiplomacy in other settings in which the continuum between intergovernmental cooperation, conflict and benign neglect has repercussions beyond state borders in the EU.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it