Initial On-Sky Performance Testing of the Single-Photon Imager for Nanosecond Astrophysics (SPINA) System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work presents an initial on-sky performance measurement of the Single-Photon Imager for Nanosecond Astro-physics (SPINA) system, part of our Ultra-Fast Astronomy (UFA) program. We developed the SPINA system based on the position-sensitive silicon photomultiplier (PS-SiPM) detector to record both temporal and spatial information of detected photons. The initial on-sky testing of the SPINA system was conducted on UT 2022 Jul 10, with the Nazarbayev University Transient Telescope at the Assy-Turgen Astrophysical Observatory (NUTTelA-TAO), studied stars with a wide range of brightness and a dark region of the sky without stars < 18 mag. This on-sky testing yielded crucial calibration metrics for the SPINA system, demonstrating the SPINA system’s ability in rapid astronomical detections. Key findings include a spatial resolution of < 232μ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</i> , affected by atmospheric conditions; a background noise level of 1914 counts per second (cps) within this resolution element; and crosstalk probability of ~ 0.18 near the detector’s center while reaching ~ 0.5 at the edges. We derived a 5σ sensitivity of 17.45 Gaia-BP magnitude in a 1s exposure with no atmospheric extinction. Based on a false alarm rate of once per 100 nights, The SPINA system provides a transient sensitivity of 14.06 mag on a 10ms window and a 15 P.E. detection threshold for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sub</i> - μ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</i> time scale, limited by crosstalk. In addition, the SPINA system proved its capability to detect rapid alterations in the stellar profile: a variation of ±1.8% in the stellar profile FWHM under 20 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ms</i> exposure and ±5% change under 2 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ms</i> exposures, as well as capturing stellar light curves on the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ms</i> and μ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</i> scales.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".