A New Oversampling Method Based on Triangulation of Sample Space
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Coping with imbalanced data is a challenging task in practical classification problems. One of effective methods to solve imbalanced problems is to oversample the minority class. Gls SMOTE is a classical oversampling method. However, it exhibits two disadvantages, namely, a linear generation and overgeneralization. In this article, an improved synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method, FE- SMOTE, is proposed based on the idea of the method of finite elements. FE- SMOTE not only overcomes the above two disadvantages of SMOTE but also can generate samples that are more in line with the density distribution of the original minority class than those generated by the existing SMOTE variants. The originality of the proposed method stems from constructing a simplex for every minority sample and then triangulating it to expand the region of synthetic samples from lines to space. A new definition of the relative size for triangular elements not only helps determine the number of synthetic samples but also weakens the adverse impact of outliers. Generated samples by FE- SMOTE can effectively reflect the local potential distribution structure arising around every minority sample. Compared with 16 commonly studied oversampling methods, FE- SMOTE produces promising results quantified in terms of$G$-mean, AUC,$F$-measure, and accuracy on 22 benchmark imbalanced datasets and the big dataset MNIST.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".