ChatGPT in education: Methods, potentials, and limitations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ChatGPT has been under the scrutiny of public opinion including in education. Yet, less work has been done to analyze studies conducted on ChatGPT in educational contexts. This review paper examines where ChatGPT is employed in educational literature and areas of potential, challenges, and future work. A total of 64 publications were included in this review using the general framework of open and axial coding. We coded and summarized the methods, and reported potentials, limitations, and future work of each study. Thematic analysis of reviewed studies revealed that most extant studies in the education literature explore ChatGPT through a commentary and non-empirical lens. The potentials of ChatGPT include but are not limited to the development of personalized and complex learning, specific teaching and learning activities, assessments, asynchronous communication, and feedback, accuracy in research, personas, and task delegation and cognitive offload. Several areas of challenge that ChatGPT is or will be facing in education are also shared. Examples include but are not limited to plagiarism deception, misuse lack of learning, accountability, and privacy. There thus are both concerns and optimism about the use of ChatGPT in education, yet the most pressing need is to ensure student learning and academic integrity are not sacrificed. Our review provides a summary of studies conducted on ChatGPT in education literature. We further provide a comprehensive and unique discussion on future considerations for ChatGPT in education.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.167 | 0.343 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.015 | 0.020 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.017 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".