Electrified Cement Production via Anion-Mediated Electrochemical Calcium Extraction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cement production is a carbon-intensive industrial process, with the sector contributing ∼8% of global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. On average, producing each kilogram of cement leads to the emission of 1 kg of CO 2 ─the combination of fuel combustion emissions and carbon released from the feedstock, limestone (CaCO 3 ). Here we report electrochemical cement production based on anion-mediated electrochemical calcium extraction (ECE) that addresses both feedstock and energy emissions. The in situ -generated acidic electrolytes release the feedstock CO 2 emissions at high purity, enabling direct carbon utilization or sequestration without costly capture and purification steps. Energy embodied within a separate H 2 output stream is sufficient to sinter Ca(OH) 2 to produce portland cement, thus removing the CO 2 emissions associated with fuel combustion. We then replace CaCO 3 with a carbon-free calcium feedstock, gypsum, thereby removing the CO 2 emissions embodied in the feedstock. Technoeconomic analysis forecasts that this method could provide a viable, decarbonized cement alternative.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".