The Geomagnetic Storm Impact on the Northern High-latitude Power Grids: A Practical Example
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An operation practice of power systems shows geomagnetic storms can make negative impact on their functioning in subpolar regions. The example of Hydro-Quebec system blackout confirms need of such influence accounting on a power system operation. The power system development in the North is inevitable in connection with the northern resource development. On the other hand, the earth's magnetic pole movement leads to changes in the coordinates of places that are most susceptible to the solar storm influence. The main study goal is to draw the attention of power system personnel to these dangers and to show the cause and order of magnitude of such influence. The first section examines the phenomenon of solar storms and its impact on near-Earth space. Section 2 shows the ways in which such storms can impact northern power systems. Section 3 is related to an example of such an influence on a northern system part in the North-East of the European part of Russia, characterized by long transmission lines. Section 4 is devoted to the relay protection behavior during solar storms. The conclusions are summarized in section 5.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".