Direct Membrane Deposition for CO<sub>2</sub> Electrolysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of forward-bias bipolar membranes (f-BPM) in CO 2 electrolyzers offers the advantage of avoiding costly CO 2 reactant loss. However, current f-BPM-based electrolyzers require a high voltage and produce H 2 at the expense of CO 2 reduction products. In this work, we develop a direct membrane deposition (DMD) approach that combines anion and cation exchange membranes (AEM and CEM, respectively) to increase transport and facilitate CO 2 regeneration. The DMD approach provides flexibility to tune the properties of the composite and optimize the AEM:CEM ratio for low resistance and low H 2 evolution. Compared to a standard f-BPM, the DMD approach reduced the H 2 Faradaic efficiency by 2-fold (25% vs 12%, respectively), reduced mass transport resistance by over 50%, decreased full-cell potential by 0.84 V, increased the selectivity toward multicarbon products by over 2-fold (29% vs 65%, respectively), and achieved >17% in multicarbon product energy efficiency at 300 mA cm –2 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".