Optical characterization of accumulated dust particles and the sustainability of transmitted solar irradiance to photovoltaic cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims at characterizing the optical properties of dust particles accumulated over time and its sole effect on transmitted solar irradiance. Several glass samples positioned at different orientations were kept in an outdoor environment allowing dust accumulation over a one-year cycle in Sharjah, UAE. A sample of each orientation was collected and examined on a weekly basis throughout the study period. The analysis of accumulated dust density and its effect on irradiance and optical spectrum transmissions through the glass samples is assessed for each sample orientation. Results showed dominance of some surfaces compared to others in terms of dust accumulation and reduction of transmitted optical spectrum against a wavelength range of 210–1029 nm. Throughout the study period of one year, the accumulated dust density and reduction of transmitted irradiance reached a maximum value of 22.6, 4.4, 16.8, 4.8, 6.0 g/m2 and 68.4, 12.3, 63.1, 12.1, 16.4 % for the 0° top, 0° bottom, 25° top, 25° bottom, and 90° surfaces, respectively. Moreover, the results were extended to estimate the reduction in available solar irradiance throughout the one-year study period. It was found that the estimated reduction reached as high as 67 % for the samples installed horizontally at 0° orientation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".