Nanomaterials: A Double-edged Sword as Pollution Busters or Pollutants?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The implementation of novel technologies such as nanotechnology in combination with other approaches has been explored and investigated by researchers towards the elimination of pollutants from the environment. Therefore, their utilization in different methods of adsorption, detoxification and degradation has been widely studied and the outcomes have been exploited for scaling up to pilot and industrial levels in some countries. However, their direct and long-lasting influence on human beings and animals is another issue which needs to be better investigated. In this chapter, we discuss the implementation of different types of nanoparticles for the treatment of heavy metal, organic, and inorganic pollutants by using adsorption, disinfection, photocatalysis and membrane techniques. Finally, their abundance and side effects in the environment as well as human organs such as the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, brain, and ingestion system are thoroughly analyzed to highlight the need for precautions upon the utilization of nanomaterials in purification processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".