Centrifuge modelling of axially loaded steel piles in cold and thawing frozen sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Foundations in northern climates are founded under ground conditions that are certain to change due to climate warming. Piled foundations situated in permafrost are designed to resist loads by mobilising the shaft friction from adfreeze strength that is attributed to the ice–soil bonds in contact with the pile. Design considers ground warming causing thawing over time and normally specifies a thermal condition whereby mitigation measures, such as thermosyphons, need to be implemented. While pile design and analysis for completely frozen and thawed profiles are defined in terms of pile capacity, the intermediate condition, during transition from frozen to thawed, is not well examined. In this study, centrifuge modelling is utilised to quantify the reduction in pile capacity and foundation stiffness under an axial monotonic loading as initially frozen sand profiles warm and thaw depth increases. The results show agreement between the physical models and analytical methods for piles in fully frozen and thawed ground. A marked decrease in pile capacity occurs as ground temperatures approach freezing and thaw depth increases. The results are the first comprehensive physical model testing programme aimed at quantifying pile performance in frozen and warming ground under field-realistic stress conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".