Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using KOH/HY-type nano-catalyst derived from silica sand
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study aimed to synthesize a Y-nanozeolite catalyst using the hydrothermal method and Iraqi sand-derived silica as a low-cost and readily available raw material. The catalyst was tested before and after loading with potassium hydroxide (KOH). The experiments were conducted in a batch reactor under different temperatures (40, 50, and 60 °C) and a 3-h reaction time, using the prepared Y-catalyst with three different particle sizes (75, 600, and 1000 μm). The results showed that increasing the temperature and/or reaction time generally resulted in increased conversion and yield when the catalyst was unpromoted with KOH, reaching a range of 55.56% and 33.33%, respectively. However, a significant increase in the conversion and yield was observed after promoting the catalyst with 10% KOH molecules. The optimal conditions for achieving the highest conversion and yield of biodiesel were determined to be 86.67% and 82.22%, respectively. These conditions involved a temperature of 60 °C, a reaction time of 2 h, and the use of a catalyst with a particle size of 75 μm loaded with 10% KOH. The use of a heterogeneous catalyst loaded with the base in a low percentage helps to dispense with the use of homogeneous catalysts with a high percentage of bases.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it