Theoretical Simulation of Thermal Deformations in Concrete Beams Reinforced with Two Overlapped FRP Bars in Cold Regions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The thermal incompatibility in transverse direction between concrete and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars may cause tensile circumferential cracks within concrete under low temperatures, and consequently, the failure of concrete cover. This paper presents a theoretical study to investigate the transverse thermal deformation of concrete beams reinforced with two overlapped FRP bars in cold regions where the climate temperature may drop to -40°C.. Numerical and analytical models are developed to predict the transverse thermal strains at the FRP bar/concrete interface of the concrete cover zone and the bars interaction zone and also at the external surface of concrete cover for overlapped glass FRP (GFRP) bars reinforced concrete beams under low temperature variations, having a ratio of concrete cover thickness to FRP bar diameter varied from 1.0 to 3.2. Comparisons between the results predicted from non-linear finite element model and those obtained from the analytical model in terms of transverse thermal strains are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".