Enhancing Spatial Resolution of Building Datasets Using Transformer-Based Single-Image Super-Resolution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The spatial resolution of Earth Observation (EO) images plays a key role in building footprint extraction. For the spatial resolution enhancement, deep learning-based image super-resolution methods have been widely used due to their remarkable performance. Transformer-based networks are effective and has drawn much attention in computer vision but underutilized in remote sensing, especially for super-resolving building datasets. Therefore, in this paper, we developed a novel transformer-based Single-Image Super-Resolution (SISR) method, named Pyramid Vision Transformer-Residual Feature Aggregation Network (PVT_RFANet), to improve the spatial resolution of building datasets. Specifically, the PVT v2 network was embedded into our Momentum Spatial-Channel Attention Residual Feature Aggregation Network (MSCA-RFANet). Moreover we conducted a comparative study to compare our method with Bicubic interpolation (BI), Super-resolution Convolutional Neural Network (SRCNN), Deep Recursive Residual Network (DRRN), SRResNet, and MSCA-RFANet. Using Peak Signal-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Similarity Structure Index Measurement (SSIM) as the evaluation metrics, our method showed highest performance with the PSNR of 22.01 dB and the SSIM of 0.50 on the WHU Building Dataset, which demonstrated the superior performance of the proposed method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".