NUMERICAL MODELLING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES RETROFITTED WITH BUCKLING RESTRAINED BRACE INCORPORATING STEEL AND SUPERELASTIC SHAPE-MEMORY ALLOY CORES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The numerical response of one-storey reinforced concrete frames designed following design standards before the enactment of modern seismic provisions was investigated in this study using the nonlinear finite element method. An unbraced frame and two frames retrofitted with a buckling restrained brace (BRB) incorporating either a stainless steel or chrome molybdenum core bar were modelled. The nonlinear static reverse cyclic loading performance of the frames was assessed. Modifications to the BRB are proposed to mitigate deficiencies identified with the original BRB and steel core bars. The modified BRB incorporating a superelastic shape-memory alloy (SE-SMA) core bar was further modelled. The results illustrate the benefits of implementing SE-SMA as a retrofit strategy to control permanent displacements. The modified BRB with a SE-SMA core exhibited improved lateral strength and displacement capacities relative to the frames retrofitted with steel cores and the control bare frame.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".