Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Manifestations in Type 2 Diabetes: A Single Centre, Cross-Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: The study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal manifestations in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and methods: In this single center, cross sectional study, 300 patients with clinically documented T2D were recruited from the outpatient clinic. Demographics, diabetes history, family history, treatment modalities, musculoskeletal symptoms were self-reported by participants. Anthropometric measurements and musculoskeletal examination were conducted by investigators. Complete blood count, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), urine analysis, and X rays of the symptomatic joints were performed. Results: Of 300 patients with T2D, musculoskeletal manifestations were observed in 50.7%. Osteoarthritis of the knee was the most common manifestation (20.3%) followed by carpal tunnel syndrome (10.7%), adhesive capsulitis (8.3%), diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (7.3%), diabetic cheiroarthropathy (6.0%), flexor tenosynovitis (2.3%), and Dupuytren’s contracture (0.7%). Age (p = 0.001), T2D duration (p = 0.004), BMI (p = 0.031) and HbA1c (p= 0.006) were associated with increased prevalence of musculoskeletal manifestations. Conclusions: Prevalence of musculoskeletal manifestations is higher in people with T2D. Advanced age, longer duration of disease, overweight and high HbA1c levels are associated with increased prevalence of musculoskeletal manifestations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".