Ultrasonic Index Modulation With Spread Spectrum for Intra-Body Communications
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrasonic intra-body communication (IBC) is an emerging technique to enable revolutionary healthcare applications. This paper proposes an ultrasonic index modulation with spread spectrum (UsIM-SS) scheme for IBCs. The information bits consist of modulation bits and index bits. The core idea of UsIM-SS is that the modulation bits are spread by spreading codes and the index bits are leveraged to select the time-hoping sequence to transmit the spreading bits. We also find that the existing ultrasonic wideband (UsWB) and UsIM can be regarded as special cases of the proposed UsIM-SS. Furthermore, the soft decision-based maximum likelihood (S-ML) receiver and hard decision-based ML (H-ML) receiver are proposed for UsIM-SS, providing a trade-off between bit-error rate (BER) and complexity. Theoretical spectrum efficiency (SE) and BER expressions for UsIM-SS using S-ML and H-ML are also derived and verified by extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Both theoretical and simulation results show that UsIM-SS can achieve lower BER and higher SE than existing UsWB and Us 1M techniques.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it