Hollow NiP–ZnIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> Heterojunction for Simultaneous Hydrogen and Pyruvic Acid Production from Lactic Acid Photoreforming
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen production provides an alternative approach to sustainable energy storage and conversion. However, the nonselective oxidation of sacrificial agents greatly increases the cost of green hydrogen generation. Herein, we demonstrate the simultaneous production of hydrogen and value-added chemicals by rationally designing a bifunctional photocatalyst. This approach uses hollow ZnIn 2 S 4 spheres with NiP as a cocatalyst, which enables the photocatalyst with dual functionalities to produce sustainable hydrogen and selectively dehydrogenate lactic acid into pyruvic acid. As a result, 381 μmol/h of H 2 is produced on the optimized photocatalyst with an apparent quantum yield of 11.1% at 365 ± 20 nm monochromatic light. Meanwhile, pyruvic acid, with a selectivity of 97.8%, is simultaneously achieved from lactic acid oxidation. Techno-economic analysis reveals the profitability of the present system and provides a promising outlook for the sustainability and economic viability of the unit. The present work demonstrates a good example of sustainable hydrogen and valuable chemical coproduction with the rational design of bifunctional photocatalytic materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".