Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cosimo de’ Medici (b.1519–d. 1574), son of the condottiere Giovanni delle Bande Nere (Ludovico de’ Medici [b. 1498–d. 1526]) and Maria Salviati (b. 1499–d. 1543), grew up without expectation of assuming political leadership. Upon the assassination of the first duke of Florence, Alessandro de’ Medici (r. 1530–1537), Cosimo, then aged seventeen, was identified as next in the line of succession and put in place as head (capo) of the city by a committee representing mainly papal and imperial interests. Cosimo survived a nearly immediate revolt led by exiles (fuorusciti), whom he defeated at the Battle of Montemurlo (August 1537), winning recognition as duke from Charles V. Cosimo continued to balance papal and imperial politics to build a virtually independent state. The conquest of Siena and its territories was complete by 1559, ending both the Italian wars and French influence in Italy. He acquired the papal title Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1569. In 1539, Cosimo married Eleonora of Toledo (b. 1522–d. 1562), daughter of the Spanish viceroy of Naples; together they had eleven children. Alessandro’s widow had retained ownership of the Palazzo Medici; thus, in 1540 they moved into the refurbished apartments at the Palazzo Vecchio that had been used by the priors. In 1549 Eleonora’s dowry money purchased the Palazzo Pitti; it too required extensive renovations, still incomplete when Eleonora, already weakened by tuberculosis, died of malaria with sons Giovanni and Garzia. Cosimo handed over his duties officially to his son Francesco in 1564, although he still retained authority in a range of matters; in his last years he was incapacitated by illness. Scholarly assessments of Cosimo’s career have changed significantly over time. Older interpretations that had valorized Florence’s earlier republican governments often cast the city’s transition to the Medicean state in terms of moral failure, and the Medici rulers themselves as simply absolutists. More recent scholarship has shed new light on the nature of those earlier “republican” governments and also to a fuller understanding of the Medicean state as it developed in a European and Mediterranean context. These studies have revealed the continuities of administrative control among elite families throughout the century, tempering notions of absolutist rule in favor of the “mixed constitution” favored by many contemporaries. They have examined Cosimo’s infrastructure projects across Tuscany; the nature of economic planning; his role in promoting universities and education; and, of course, Cosimo’s interest in the city’s continuing excellence in the visual arts, letters, and scholarship.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.107 | 0.054 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".