The Ontario Educational Association: transnational networks and curriculum reform in the early twentieth century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Originally founded in 1861 as the Teachers’ Association of Canada West (TACW), the Ontario Educational Association (OEA) was a fixture on the education scene in Ontario for one hundred twenty-five years until its dissolution on November 28, 1985. This article traces the early development and maturation of the OEA to focus on its involvement in curriculum reform undertaken by Liberal and Progressive Conservative governments in the early twentieth century. As a non-state entity, the OEA nevertheless had close ties to and received financial support from the state. It regularly advised the Department of Education on matters related to education and contributed to the building of the educational state. The annual conventions of the OEA attracted transnational participation and provided a space for educationists to exchange knowledge as well as form networks and alliances to advance their interests in education. This article locates the formation of OEA as part of the phenomenon of association that Alexis de Tocqueville identified in nineteenth century America. While mid-nineteenth century Ontario was not America, it was nevertheless a liberal capitalist society and the concept of desiring to act in political self-interest for what was deemed good for education and society underlay the creation of the Association. De Tocqueville’s focus on the importance of political associations was linked to understanding the capacity of liberal democracies to govern in the nineteenth century. This approach makes possible to understand the OEA as a site where processes of building and governing the educational state were enacted through association.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.021 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".