Bertrand Russell on architecture; between territorialization and place-making
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Bertrand Russell, this paper aims to highlight his views on Victorian architecture. Russell was a key figure in 20th-century European culture, and his thought was deeply molded by Victorian ideals, even if he would later reject most of them. There was one conviction, though, that he kept throughout his life – the possibility of creating a better world in which humanity could live happily. After some introductory remarks on space, territory and place, we will describe Victorian cities and provide a synthesis of Utopian urban planning, followed by an analysis of Russell’s essay “Architecture and Social Questions.” This text reflects on the conditions that may permit future social change, creating a nexus between space and time, present spatial conditions, future transformations and a political vision for the years to come. As is the case with many of Russell’s writings, one senses a Utopian appeal reverberating throughout the pages. However, this appeal is not mere daydream, as he lays out the practicality of his vision. Well aware of the several functions of spatiality, Russell entertains both the notions of territorialization and placemaking as a means to bring about the desired reform.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".