314 Maxwell Lecture: Role of Amino Acids and Protein in Health-Challenged Nursery Pigs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The post-weaning period is a critical time in the life of a pig with both short- and long-term consequences for productivity and health. Nutrition has a vital role in this transition period and, as with swine production as a whole, the focus is largely on maximizing growth performance. However, feeding programs also need to account for immature and developing gastrointestinal and immune systems in the newly-weaned pig. In examining the impact of nutrition on gastrointestinal and immune health, it has become evident that protein and amino acids have a vital role. While protein and amino acids are needed to meet requirements for growth, excess protein can predispose pigs to post-weaning diarrhea, thought to be the result of fermentation of undigested protein and proliferation of enteric pathogens. In addition, the source of protein may also have a significant impact on performance and health of nursery pigs. Traditionally, amino acid requirements, and thus dietary inclusion, have been based on maximizing growth performance. It has become evident that the requirements of some amino acids may differ when based on development of the gastrointestinal tract and during times of immune stimulation, such as during disease challenge. The inclusion of some amino acids, such as methionine, threonine, and tryptophan, above the requirements for growth have been shown to improve performance, intestinal health, and immune status in weaned pigs under enteric pathogen challenge. Nursery diet formulations should account for the role of nutrients not only for maximizing growth performance but optimizing gastrointestinal health and immune status including adjustments to protein content and source and amino acid requirements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.047 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".