The role of physicochemical processes in aging of shaft friction of driven steel piles in sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several studies have reported substantial increases in the shaft capacity of driven steel piles in the months following installation. This study investigates factors influencing this time dependence of shaft capacity by conducting a series of field tests on piles and a parallel series of interface shear tests using a newly developed apparatus. The piles and interfaces used in the experiments employ mild steel, stainless steel, and galvanized steel, while the aging periods allowed in the laboratory and field were 1 and 3 years, respectively. Chemical analyses of the crusts that developed at the sand–steel interfaces are reported. It is shown that the aging characteristic of sand-steel friction depends on the relative contributions of interlocking and dilation but is controlled by dilation at the crust–sand interface adjacent to the shaft of a driven pile. There is no gain in shaft friction with time in dry sand or for piles with non-reactive steel. The operational friction angle for mild steel piles in moist or saturated sand is the soil–soil friction angle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".