Famine in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Russia: Mortality by Age, Cause, and Gender
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract During the nineteenth century, famines seemed to strike Russia in a more or less regular pattern. A volume published by the Central Statistics Committee (CSK) in 1871 referred to poor harvests in 1820-1, 1833-4, 1839-40, 1843-6, 1848-51, and 1854. The Report of the Council of Ministers drafted in 1842 implies that food shortages recurred every 6-7 years (Brokgauz and Efron 1893). During the 1860s the worst years were between 1867 and 1869. In the last quarter of the century, there were famines in 1872-3, in 1882-4, and in 1892. At the beginning of the twentieth century, local scarcities affected one or other region of Russia almost annually, and they were particularly serious in 1906 and 1911 (Buxman 1923).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".