Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Prevailing sensibilities in the contemporary United States have produced, or at least allowed, drug and crime control policies of severity unprecedented in recent American history and unmatched in other Western countries today. There was a de facto moratorium on capital punishment in the United States in 1970 and belief was widespread that the Supreme Court would soon declare the death penalty unconstitutional. For eight years, from 1968 to 1977, no one was executed. In 2001, capital punishment was authorized in thirty-eight states and the federal system, sixty-six people were put to death, and at year’s end 3,625 were on death row (Death Penalty Information Center 2002). In June 2001 the execution of Timothy McVeigh, shown “live” on closed circuit television to more than 230 people, was the first execution by the federal government since 1963. By contrast, in 2001, no Western European country, or Australia, Canada, England, or New Zealand, allowed capital punishment. Courts in South Africa and Hungary had declared their countries’ capital punishment laws unconstitutional. The dozens of Eastern and Southern European countries joining the Council of Europe agreed to forego capital punishment as a condition of membership.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".