Characterization of carbonate veins in graywacke layers from the Humber zone (Quebec, Canada) and implications for strength recovery of damaged rocks by mineral precipitation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Humber zone's Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, located on the rocky beaches of the Saint-Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada, exhibit interlayered calcareous greywacke beds and ductile shale. Fractures within these layers are characterized by either carbonate veins or barren joints, which are parallel arrays of planar fractures aligned in similar orientations. Fracture initiation occurred at either lithological interfaces or within brittle layers. The thickness of carbonate veins increases linearly with either bed thickness or layer-parallel extension strain, and carbonate precipitation occurred either simultaneously or ephemerally after the fracture opened. For a given bed thickness, veins are more closely and regularly spaced than joints, a feature that was successfully modeled using 2D finite element modeling. Both veins and joints follow a power-law relation between fracture spacing (s) and bed thickness (t), yielding a Weibull modulus of ∼2.5, a tensile strength of ∼9 MPa for the greywacke, and a shear flow strength of ∼1 MPa for the shale at the time of fracture formation. The different s-t relationships observed between joints and veins indicate that carbonate cementation results in 60% strength recovery for greywacke layers in the study area. This approach provides a new constraint on the degree of rock strength recovery due to mineral precipitation into opening fractures under natural conditions. The cementation-induced strength recovery inhibits stress axis permutation, and consequently, suppresses the formation of orthogonal veins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".