Unlocking Conformal Microwave Split Ring Resonant Sensors for In-Flight Ice Sensing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In-flight ice accretion is an ongoing challenge for airplane safety as it disrupts the aerodynamics of wings, increasing drag and decreasing lift. This work proposes a conformal ice sensing method based on microwave split-ring resonator (SRR) sensors for early ice detection on critical aircraft surfaces. A single-port dual-frequency sensor with SRRs operating at ∼1.95 and ∼2.13 GHz was implemented and integrated on a NACA 0018 airfoil with a chord of 0.25 m. The sensor's performance was experimentally investigated in ice crystal icing (ICI) conditions at the National Research Council's (NRC) Research Altitude Test Facility (RATFac), at a simulated altitude of 19 000 ft, a velocity of 100 m/s and, a total air temperature of +3˚C. The performance of the sensor was evaluated with the resonant frequency parameter to extract correlations in different icing conditions. The sensor was tested in different melt ratio conditions (11%, 13%, 16%, and 25%) at varying accretion time periods, accurately determining the onset of icing, the increase in accretion volume, and its eventual shedding, while successfully differentiating the %melt conditions tested. Additionally, the sensor's response to electrothermal deicing procedures is presented, demonstrating its capability for monitoring the efficiency of deicing procedures and sensing the formation of ice during anti-icing operations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".