Impregnation of Medium-Density Fiberboard Residues with Phase Change Materials for Efficient Thermal Energy Storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The wood-based panel industry generates a significant amount of solid residues in its production activities, including medium-density fiberboard (MDF) molding manufacturing. These residues consist of fine fibers measuring between 0.15 mm and 1.19 mm in length. A large proportion of them currently needs to be utilized, mainly due to the problem of excessive accumulation. They can be reused as raw material for manufacturing new products by adopting a circular economy approach. Their thermal properties can also be enhanced by impregnating them with phase change materials (PCMs). This research aims to develop a process for impregnating MDF panel residues (R) with PCMs to obtain shape-stabilized compounds capable of storing thermal energy. Three different commercially available PCMs were used. They were incorporated in the MDF residues by vacuum impregnation. The morphology, chemical structure, thermal stability, and phase change properties of the compounds obtained were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The SEM images indicated the PCM filled the empty spaces in the porous surface of the residue fibers to form shape-stabilized compounds. The FTIR spectrometry results indicated the compounds still exhibited characteristic peaks corresponding to both the MDF residues and the PCMs. No chemical reaction was observed between the two components. Moreover, according to the TGA results, the compounds produced exhibit high thermal stability. The R+PCM1 compound had the highest latent heat capacity of all the compounds developed in this study, reaching a maximum of 57.8 J⋅g−1, and a phase change temperature comparable to that of PCM1. This better thermal performance could be attributed to the compounds having a higher encapsulation ratio (31.4%) than the other compounds developed. Furthermore, the R+PCM1 compound had an absorption capacity of 142.8%. This study, therefore, unveiled a promising alternative for storing thermal energy and valorizing solid MDF residues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".