Menopause, Brain Anatomy, Cognition and Alzheimer’s Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The menopause transition has been repeatedly associated with decreased cognitive performance and increased incidence of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), particularly when it is induced surgically 1,2 or takes place at a younger age 3,4. However, there are very few studies that use neuroimaging techniques to examine the effects of these variables in aggregate and in a large sample. Here, we use data from thousands of participants from the UK Biobank to assess the relationship between menopausal status, menopause type (surgical or natural), and age at menopause with cognition, AD, and neuroanatomical measures derived from magnetic resonance imaging. We find that for brain and cognitive measures, menopausal status, menopause type and age at surgical menopause do not impact the brain; but that there is a positive correlation between anatomy, cognition and age at non-surgical menopause. These results do not align with previous reports in the literature with smaller samples. However, we confirm that both early and surgical menopause are associated with a higher risk of developing AD, indicating that early and abrupt ovarian hormone deprivation might contribute to the development of the disorder.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".